The closer the two interacting languages are in structure the easier it is for words of one language to penetrate into the other. table - source of borrowing - French, origin of borrowing - Latin elephant - source of borrowing - French, origin-Egypt convene - source of borrowing - French, origin-Latin. The first term is applied to the language from which the word was immediately borrowed, the second - to the language to which the word may be ultimately traced e.g. But a word may also be borrowed indirectly not from the source language but through another language, When analysing borrowed words one must distinguish between the two terms - "source of borrowing" and "origin of borrowing". The most effective way of borrowing is direct borrowing from another language as the result of contacts with the people of another country or with their literature. The number of borrowings in the vocabulary of a language and the role played by them is determined by the historical development of the nation speaking the language. In many cases a borrowed word especially one borrowed long ago is practically indistinguishable from a native word without a thorough etymological analysis (street, school, face). Besides the native words have a wider range of lexical and grammatical valency, they are highly polysemantic and productive in forming word clusters and set expressions.īorrowed words (or loan words or borrowings) are words taken over from another language and modified according to the patterns of the receiving language. In fact native words comprise only 30 % of the total number of words in the English vocabulary but the native words form the bulk of the most frequent words actually used in speech and writing. Numerically the borrowed stock of words is considerably larger than the native stock of words. It consists of two layers - the native stock of words and the borrowed stock of words. New m-ngs appear not only as a result of semantic development of words but also as a result of semantic development of affixes(e.g a- : awhir=whirring, aswivel=swivelling “a-“= the m-ng of the participles but giving a more vivid effect of the process). New terminological m-ngs appear as aresult of expansion of the sphere of application:when words of one branch of science develop new m-ngs and pass over to other branches. is a powerful source of enriching the voc.Remember that the boarder-line between a new m-ng of the word and its lexical homonym is in many cases so vague that it is often difficult to state whether we have another m-ng of the original word or its homonym.Ī great number of new m-ngs develop in simple words which belong to different sheres of human actvity.New m-ngs appear in everyday general voc.,for exmple beehive –“a woman’s hair style”, a bird –“any flying craft”, a vegetable –“a lifeless,inert person”. Semantic extension of words already available in the lang.
Loan-translations reflect one way of life,the peculiarities of development of the speech community from which the come,but easily become stable units of voc.( fellow-traveller,self-criticism,Socialist democracy)
as well,reflect one way of life,the pecularities of development of the speech community from which the come( kolkhoz,Gosplan,Komsomol),but they are felt as foreign and drop out from the language Of Latin and Greek origin( meta-culture,paralinguistic,videodisc) In which some syllables or sounds have been ommitted in the middle “syncope”( maths,pants,specs) Ĭlipped both at the beginning and at the end( flu,tec=detective,fridge)Īcronyms and clippings are the main ways of w-creation in pres,day Engl.ģ.Borrowings – is of much lesser importance and is active mainly in the field of scientific terminology.voc. Shortened at the beginning “aphaeresis”( car,phone,copter)
Words shortened at the end “pocope”( ad,lab,mike) units with a certais phonetic shape and lex.m-ng of their own.Clipped words differ from other words in the emotive charge and stylistic reference,they are characreristics of colloquial speech.There do not seem to be any clear rules by means of which we might predict where a word will be cut,though there are several types of clipping nouns and adj.) without changing its class memebership.Clipped words function as independent lex. tramsceiver,medicare=medical care, smog,brunch).Blends are coined not frequently in scientific and technical language as a means of naming new things,as trade names in advertisments.Ģ)Clipping – shortening word of two or more syllables(us.
Blendings are the result of conscious creation of words by merging irregular fragments of several words which are aptly called “splinters”(e.g.